今年夏天，“到大理蒼山采蘑菇”成為網(wǎng)紅項目，吸引大量游客進山尋找、采摘各種野生菌。而部分游客的無序濫采和破壞性行為，正對蒼山生態(tài)構(gòu)成威脅。

This summer, "foraging wild mushrooms on Cangshan Mountain in Dali" has become a popular online trend, attracting a large number of tourists who enter the mountain to pick various wild fungi. However, disorderly and destructive behavior by some visitors is posing a serious threat to the local ecology.

據(jù)央視新聞報道，記者在抖音、快手、小紅書等網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺輸入“大理采菌子”等關(guān)鍵詞，立即出現(xiàn)大量相關(guān)視頻和圖片。這些內(nèi)容以“采菌體驗”和“拍照打卡”為主要賣點，吸引大量游客關(guān)注。

According to a CCTV news report, searching keywords like "Dali mushroom picking" on platforms such as Douyin, Kuaishou, and RedNote yields numerous videos and images promoting "foraging experiences", drawing widespread interest from tourists.

發(fā)帖者通過評論區(qū)招攬游客，收費從38元到二三百元不等，有的還承諾提供采菌工具和簡單餐食。

Posters often recruit participants through comment sections, charging fees ranging from 38 yuan to over 200 yuan, with some offering tools and simple meals.

8月上旬，記者在大理鎮(zhèn)陽和村調(diào)查時看到，原本植被茂密的樹林中，多個地方被游客踩出明顯的路。

In early August, reporters investigating in a village named Yanghe, Dali town, observed that previously dense forest areas had been visibly damaged by tourist foot traffic.

一些“采菌游”組織方并無資質(zhì)

付費即可網(wǎng)上發(fā)帖

報道稱，向?qū)偌慰?，將采集到的蘑菇集中展示，進行“科普”講解。講解僅停留在介紹菌種名稱、是否有毒等簡單內(nèi)容，有的還存在明顯錯誤。

Guides gather tourists to display collected mushrooms and provide "educational" talks, though these sessions are often limited to basic — and sometimes incorrect — information about species names and toxicity.

“科普”環(huán)節(jié)后，有的游客將野生菌隨意掩埋，或直接倒在灌木叢中。找蘑菇、挖蘑菇、拍蘑菇、扔蘑菇，今年夏天，這樣的體驗活動每天都在大理蒼山扎堆進行。

After these briefings, some tourists bury mushrooms randomly or discard them in bushes. The cycle of searching, digging, photographing, and discarding mushrooms has become a daily occurrence on Cangshan Mountain this summer.

記者初步觀察統(tǒng)計，僅在蒼山腳下陽和村一個進山路口，單日就有超過40輛車、500多人上山采菌，而整個蒼山，類似的采菌路線多達二三十條。

Initial observations show that at just one entrance in the village, over 40 vehicles and 500 people entered the mountain to pick mushrooms in a single day. Across Cangshan Mountain, there are an estimated 20 to 30 similar foraging routes.

記者調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，一些“采菌游”的組織方聲稱自己是“有資質(zhì)”的，向游客收取較高費用。

游客向組織方要來“資質(zhì)”證明，記者看到，原來這是一份登山戶外運動技術(shù)技能培訓合格證書，與活動宣傳重點提到的菌類識別、科普講解等核心服務(wù)內(nèi)容并無關(guān)系。

Some organizers claim to be "qualified" and charge high fees, but the so-called qualification presented to tourists is actually a mountaineering and outdoor sports training certificate — unrelated to mushroom identification or educational services.

一位多次參加“采菌游”的游客透露，活動組織方在推銷過程中，常?？桃饽：跋嚓P(guān)資質(zhì)”的具體含義，游客很容易被誤導。

Frequent participants revealed that organizers often deliberately obscure the meaning of "qualifications", misleading tourists.

網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺是“采菌游”信息的主要發(fā)布渠道。平臺推廣人員建議，如果沒有相關(guān)資質(zhì)，可以通過游客體驗的方式來發(fā)帖，不僅沒有任何門檻，還能付費流量推廣，起步價是5000元。

Online platforms are the main channel for promoting these activities. When asked about posting recruitment content, a RedNote promoter suggested that even without qualifications, users could post "tourist experience" content, with no barriers to entry and an optional paid promotion starting at 5,000 yuan.

野生菌暗藏致命風險

專家提醒謹慎采摘

玉溪市68歲的郭大爺每年都上山采菌子，8月初因為誤食毒蘑菇險些喪命。經(jīng)過搶救，他才脫離生命危險。據(jù)他回憶，誤食的那朵毒蘑菇與可食用的蘑菇幾乎沒有差別。

The risks are real: A 68-year-old man in Yuxi city nearly died in early August after misidentifying a toxic mushroom. The poisonous mushroom he consumed closely resembled an edible variety, even being difficult for experts to distinguish.

醫(yī)生介紹，造成郭大爺看走眼的這朵毒蘑菇叫亞稀褶紅菇，它與可食用的密褶紅菇和稀褶紅菇高度相似，就算經(jīng)驗再豐富，也很難將它們區(qū)別開來。

我國已發(fā)現(xiàn)有660種毒蘑菇，云南一省就超過了300種，其中劇毒的就有20多種。中毒癥狀也復(fù)雜兇險，包括有胃腸炎、急性肝損害、急性腎衰竭等七大類，其中急性肝損害和橫紋肌溶解型是主要的致死類型。

China has documented 660 species of poisonous mushrooms, over 300 of which are found in Yunnan province — including more than 20 that are highly toxic. Symptoms of poisoning range from gastroenteritis to acute liver damage, kidney failure, and even death.

毒蘑菇中毒的也不在少數(shù)。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，2019年到2024年，全國30個?。▍^(qū)、市）共報告毒蘑菇中毒事件2297起，導致6127人中毒，142人死亡。

Nationwide, from 2019 to 2024, 2,297 poisonings due to mushroom consumption were reported, affecting 6,127 people and causing 142 deaths.

野生菌采摘多地蔓延

已對生態(tài)構(gòu)成破壞

專家警示，只顧個人體驗，亂采、亂挖野生菌的行為，已對自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成了破壞。對還未成熟的幼菇、小菇，能不采就盡量不要采。

即使采摘已經(jīng)成熟的野生菌，也要注意不要破壞菌子的生長環(huán)境，尤其不要踩踏它的生長土壤。采摘完成后，要盡量將菌子生長的土層、落葉等復(fù)位。但記者在蒼山看到，上山采菌子的游客并沒有做到這些。

Experts warn that reckless foraging damages natural ecosystems. Immature mushrooms should not be picked, and foragers should avoid trampling soil and disrupt growth environments. After picking, the surrounding leaf litter and soil ought to be restored — practices rarely seen among tourists on Cangshan Mountain.

記者了解到，一個地方的生長環(huán)境遭到破壞后，輕則5至10年之后才能再長出新的野生菌，嚴重的情況還會導致野生菌種群徹底消失。

If the environment is damaged, it may take five to 10 years for new mushrooms to regrow — if they return at all. In severe cases, local fungal species may disappear entirely.

專家指出，野生菌最大的作用就是分解自然界中最難降解的木質(zhì)纖維，也就是枯枝敗葉等，為菌子和植物的生長也提供水、二氧化碳等。菌子長成以后，也是昆蟲、小型哺乳動物的食物來源。如果“一采而光”，可能會進一步導致生物多樣性喪失和整個森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)失衡。

Wild mushrooms play a critical ecological role by decomposing woody fibers, such as dead leaves and branches, and providing water and carbon dioxide for plants and other organisms. They also serve as a food source for insects and small mammals. Over-foraging could lead to biodiversity loss and disrupt the entire forest ecosystem.

中國科學院微生物研究所研究員趙瑞琳在接受采訪時說，菌子是分解者，缺少了這一環(huán)的話，首先森林當中物質(zhì)不能降解了，另外對植物的保護作用可能就會降低了，植物的抗病性可能就會低一些，森林的功能可能就會降低了。

Zhao Ruilin, a researcher at the Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, emphasized: "Mushrooms are decomposers. Without them, material in the forest cannot break down properly, plant disease resistance may decrease, and overall forest function could decline."

調(diào)查中記者發(fā)現(xiàn)，部分采菌子的游客已經(jīng)踏進了國家級自然保護區(qū)的“禁區(qū)”。

Some foragers have even entered restricted areas of the national nature reserve. According to the "Cangshan Mountain Protection Management Regulations":

根據(jù)《蒼山保護管理條例》：

• 海拔3000米以上為核心區(qū)，禁止任何人進入；
  

• Areas above 3,000 meters are core zones and off-limits;

• 海拔2600米至3000米為緩沖區(qū)，禁止開展旅游和生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營活動；

• Areas between 2,600 meters and 3,000 meters are buffer zones where tourism and production are prohibited;

• 東坡2600米以下至2200米以上為實驗區(qū)，開展參觀、旅游應(yīng)當服從管理。

• Areas between 2,200 meters and 2,600 meters on the eastern slope are experimental zones where visits must be managed.

隨著采菌體驗人群日益增多，低海拔區(qū)域的野生菌已蹤跡難尋，后續(xù)到達的體驗隊伍開始向更高海拔區(qū)域搜尋野生菌，完全不顧該區(qū)域是否屬于自然保護區(qū)。

As low-altitude mushrooms become scarce, foraging groups are moving higher, ignoring reserve boundaries.

有關(guān)部門需強化資質(zhì)審查

規(guī)范化監(jiān)管

數(shù)據(jù)顯示，今年6月以來，受“采菌游”火爆影響，大理州日均進山游客超過萬人。截至目前，消防部門已累計接處相關(guān)救援警情15起，其中大多以迷路走失和意外摔傷為主。

Since June, daily entries to the mountain have exceeded 10,000 visitors. Local fire departments have responded to 15 rescue incidents, mostly involving lost or injured hikers.

針對蒼山無序“采菌游”，大理州政府已給予了關(guān)注。目前蒼山一些主要進山路口已有人員管控，山上重點區(qū)域也加強了組織巡查。

The Dali prefectural government, taking note of the disordered mushroom picking, has begun implementing controls at major entry points as well as has increased patrols in key areas.

采菌活動中的一些無序亂象，威脅生態(tài)安全。守護“生態(tài)游”的初心，需要組織者負起責任，引導規(guī)范采菌、保護生態(tài)，更需要有關(guān)部門強化備案、資質(zhì)審查和規(guī)范化監(jiān)管，遏制破壞生態(tài)的行為，唯有安全與生態(tài)并重，才能守護身邊的綠水青山。

來源：每日經(jīng)濟新聞 央視新聞

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